Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry<\/title>\n\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin=\"\">\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.10\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n <script defer=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.10\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n <script defer=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.10\/dist\/contrib\/auto-render.min.js\" onload=\"renderMathInElement(document.body, {\n delimiters: [\n { left: '$$', right: '$$', display: true },\n { left: '$', right: '$', display: false }\n ]\n });\"><\/script>\n\n <style>\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n\n :root {\n --green: #1a6b3c;\n --green-dark: #0f4a28;\n --green-mid: #2d8a55;\n --green-light: #e8f4ed;\n --green-xlight: #f2faf5;\n --amber: #b45309;\n --amber-light: #fef3c7;\n\n --bg: #ffffff;\n --bg-soft: #f8f9fa;\n --bg-muted: #f1f3f5;\n --border: #e5e7eb;\n --border-mid: #d1d5db;\n\n --text-primary: #111827;\n --text-secondary: #4b5563;\n --text-muted: #9ca3af;\n\n --radius-sm: 6px;\n --radius-md: 8px;\n --radius-lg: 12px;\n --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06), 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.04);\n --shadow-md: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.08), 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.04);\n }\n\n body { min-height: 100vh; 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The standard value is 20\u00b0.<\/div>\n <span class=\"glossary-tooltip__tag\">Glossary<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"tt-grado-di-ricoprimento\" class=\"glossary-tooltip\" hidden=\"\">\n <div class=\"glossary-tooltip__title\">Contact ratio<\/div>\n <div class=\"glossary-tooltip__def\">Average number of tooth pairs simultaneously in mesh. Obtained from the ratio of the length of the contact path to the base pitch. A value greater than 1 ensures continuity of motion.<\/div>\n <span class=\"glossary-tooltip__tag\">Glossary<\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"article-page\">\n <div class=\"article-body\">\n <div class=\"article-body__main\"><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@graph\": [\n {\n \"@type\": \"TechArticle\",\n \"@id\": \"#article\",\n \"headline\": \"Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry\",\n \"description\": \"Pairing a rack correctly with a pinion requires verifying three parameters: module, pressure angle and tooth profile. If all three match, the system works. 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A value greater than 1 ensures continuity of motion.\",\n \"inDefinedTermSet\": \"#glossario\"\n }\n ]\n }\n ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n <h1 class=\"article__title\">Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry<\/h1>\n<p class=\"article__subtitle\">Pairing a rack correctly with a pinion requires verifying three parameters: <strong>module<\/strong>, <strong><dfn id=\"def-angolo-di-pressione\"><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-tooltip=\"tt-angolo-di-pressione\" title=\"Angle between the direction of the contact force between mating teeth and the tangent to the pitch circle at the point of contact. The standard value is 20\u00b0.\">pressure angle<\/span><\/dfn><\/strong> and <strong>tooth profile<\/strong>. If all three match, the system works. Here you’ll find the rules to check each one in a few minutes.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"the-rack-as-a-limiting-case-of-the-gear\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"3\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"6\"><\/line><line x1=\"3\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"12\"><\/line><line x1=\"3\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"18\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n The rack as a limiting case of the gear\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The rack is geometrically a gear with an infinite number of teeth and an infinite pitch radius: its profile is straight, what in engineering is called the <strong>reference rack<\/strong> (the normalized theoretical profile from which all the teeth of spur gears derive).<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">This means that the pairing laws of spur gears apply in full. Module, pressure angle and tooth profile of the pinion must be compatible with those of the rack. The fundamental condition is simple: pinion and rack must have <strong>the same module<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The resulting motion is different from that between two gears: the rotation of the pinion converts into linear translation of the rack (or vice versa). There’s no transmission ratio in the classic sense. The advance per pinion revolution is equal to \u03c0 \u00d7 m \u00d7 z, where m is the module and z the number of teeth.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"compatibility-rules\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"9 11 12 14 22 4\"><\/polyline><path d=\"M21 12v7a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h11\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n Compatibility rules\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">Besides the module, verify that pinion and rack have the same pressure angle. The standard is <strong>20\u00b0<\/strong>. Profiles with different angles, such as 14.5\u00b0 or 25\u00b0 used in some special applications, aren’t interchangeable.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">When you replace a steel rack with a nylon one, also check the tooth profile. The two most common forms are the <strong>normalized full-depth profile<\/strong> (full depth) and the <strong>short profile<\/strong> (stub tooth, a tooth with reduced height). If you have doubts about which the original profile is, measure the pitch, that is, the distance between the centers of two consecutive teeth: it equals \u03c0 \u00d7 m. Compare it with the normalized series to trace back to the module.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"nylon-racks-with-a-steel-core\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polygon points=\"12 2 2 7 12 12 22 7 12 2\"><\/polygon><polyline points=\"2 17 12 22 22 17\"><\/polyline><polyline points=\"2 12 12 17 22 12\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/span>\n Nylon racks with a steel core\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">Racks with a <strong>nylon profile (PA6)<\/strong> and a <strong>steel core<\/strong> offer a good compromise between quietness and structural stiffness.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The nylon profile guarantees noise damping, no forced lubrication and protection of the pinion from abrasive particles. The steel core maintains the rack’s straightness, the bending strength in the plane and simplifies mechanical fixing to the structure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"warnbox\">\n <div class=\"warnbox__title\">\n <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10.29 3.86L1.82 18a2 2 0 0 0 1.71 3h16.94a2 2 0 0 0 1.71-3L13.71 3.86a2 2 0 0 0-3.42 0z\"><\/path><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"13\"><\/line><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"17\" x2=\"12.01\" y2=\"17\"><\/line><\/svg>\n Warning about fixing the nylon profile to the core.\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"warnbox__text\">In case of frequent motion reversal, the tangential forces on the screws or retention systems can be high. Verify that the fixing system is sized for the forces involved before commissioning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"modules-table-pitch-compatibility-and-advance\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/span>\n Modules table: pitch, compatibility and advance\n<\/h2>\n<div class=\"article__table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"article__table\">\n<thead><tr><th>Module<\/th><th>Pitch (mm)<\/th><th>Compatible pinions (z min \u2013 z max)<\/th><th>Advance per pinion rev z20 (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td>$m = 1$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 1 = 3.14$<\/td><td>z = 12 … 50<\/td><td>62.8 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 1.5$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 1.5 = 4.71$<\/td><td>z = 14 … 60<\/td><td>94.2 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 2$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 2 = 6.28$<\/td><td>z = 15 … 80<\/td><td>125.7 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 3$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 3 = 9.42$<\/td><td>z = 16 … 80<\/td><td>188.5 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 4$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 4 = 12.57$<\/td><td>z = 17 … 60<\/td><td>251.3 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"engagement-length\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/span>\n Engagement length\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">To guarantee continuity of motion, the pinion must have at least 1-2 teeth engaged on the rack in every position.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The <strong><dfn id=\"def-grado-di-ricoprimento\"><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-tooltip=\"tt-grado-di-ricoprimento\" title=\"Average number of tooth pairs simultaneously in mesh. Obtained from the ratio of the length of the contact path to the base pitch. A value greater than 1 ensures continuity of motion.\">contact ratio<\/span><\/dfn><\/strong> (the average number of tooth pairs in contact simultaneously) for a standard rack with a z = 20 pinion is about 1.6 – 1.7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox infobox--grey\">\n <div class=\"infobox__title\">\n <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.7 6.3a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.4l1.6 1.6a1 1 0 0 0 1.4 0l3.77-3.77a6 6 0 0 1-7.94 7.94l-6.91 6.91a2.12 2.12 0 0 1-3-3l6.91-6.91a6 6 0 0 1 7.94-7.94l-3.76 3.76z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n Technical note\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"infobox__text\">Below z = 15, the contact ratio drops below 1.5 and the transmission becomes noisier. If your project involves pinions with few teeth, consider a larger module to keep the contact ratio in the safe zone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"dont-confuse-pitch-with-module\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/span>\n Don’t confuse pitch with module\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The <strong>pitch<\/strong> p, expressed in millimeters, equals \u03c0 \u00d7 m. Racks are often cataloged by pitch rather than by module. Always convert before ordering.<\/p>\n<div class=\"warnbox\">\n <div class=\"warnbox__title\">\n <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10.29 3.86L1.82 18a2 2 0 0 0 1.71 3h16.94a2 2 0 0 0 1.71-3L13.71 3.86a2 2 0 0 0-3.42 0z\"><\/path><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"13\"><\/line><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"17\" x2=\"12.01\" y2=\"17\"><\/line><\/svg>\n Frequent error\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"warnbox__text\">A rack with a 6.28 mm pitch corresponds to module 2 (6.28 \/ \u03c0 = 2.0). The confusion between pitch and module is one of the most common causes of wrong orders and incompatibility at assembly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"article__p\">If you’re evaluating a steel-to-nylon replacement or need to configure a pairing outside the standard series, <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.stagnoligears.com\/en\/contacts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"cta-link\">write<\/a> to our technical office: we verify module, profile and operating conditions together.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n<script>\n (function () {\n var hideTimers = {};\n function positionTooltip(trigger, tooltip) {\n var margin = 8;\n tooltip.style.visibility = 'hidden';\n tooltip.style.top = '-9999px';\n tooltip.style.left = '-9999px';\n tooltip.removeAttribute('hidden');\n var ttRect = tooltip.getBoundingClientRect();\n var trRect = trigger.getBoundingClientRect();\n var vw = window.innerWidth, vh = window.innerHeight;\n var top = trRect.bottom + margin;\n var left = trRect.left;\n if 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conversion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"campo-applicazione":[5457],"categoria-ct":[5446],"class_list":["post-25602","centro-tecnico","type-centro-tecnico","status-publish","hentry","campo-applicazione-assembly","categoria-ct-racks-and-matching-pinions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Rack-and-Pinion Pairing: Module and Geometry | Stagnoli Gears Shop<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to pair racks and pinions correctly by checking module, pressure angle, tooth profile, material compatibility and advance per revolution.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.stagnoligears.com\/en\/technical-hub\/rack-and-pinion-pairing-module-material-and-geometry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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{"id":25602,"date":"2026-06-30T11:34:46","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T09:34:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shop.stagnoligears.com\/?post_type=centro-tecnico&p=25602"},"modified":"2026-07-10T13:54:53","modified_gmt":"2026-07-10T11:54:53","slug":"rack-and-pinion-pairing-module-material-and-geometry","status":"publish","type":"centro-tecnico","link":"https:\/\/shop.stagnoligears.com\/en\/technical-hub\/rack-and-pinion-pairing-module-material-and-geometry\/","title":{"rendered":"Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n \n \n \n Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry<\/title>\n\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin=\"\">\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.10\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n <script defer=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.10\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n <script defer=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.10\/dist\/contrib\/auto-render.min.js\" onload=\"renderMathInElement(document.body, {\n delimiters: [\n { left: '$$', right: '$$', display: true },\n { left: '$', right: '$', display: false }\n ]\n });\"><\/script>\n\n <style>\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; 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}\n\n .badge {\n display: inline-block;\n font-size: 12px;\n font-weight: 600;\n padding: 2px 8px;\n border-radius: 20px;\n background: var(--green-light);\n color: var(--green-dark);\n }\n\n \/* ============================================================\n RESPONSIVE\n ============================================================ *\/\n @media (max-width: 900px) {\n .article-body { flex-direction: column; padding: 20px 20px 48px; }\n }\n \n \/* Formula blocks *\/\n .formula-block {\n background: var(--bg-soft);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: var(--radius-md);\n padding: 16px 20px;\n margin: 16px 0;\n text-align: center;\n overflow-x: auto;\n }\n .katex { font-size: 1.1em; }\n .formula-block .katex { font-size: 1.25em; }\n .formula-block .katex-display { margin: 0; }\n\n \/* Glossary tooltips *\/\n .glossary-term {\n border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--green);\n color: var(--green);\n font-style: italic;\n cursor: help;\n }\n .glossary-tooltip {\n position: fixed;\n z-index: 9999;\n background: #fff;\n border: 1px solid var(--border-mid);\n border-radius: var(--radius-md);\n box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);\n padding: 10px 14px;\n max-width: 300px;\n font-family: 'Inter', sans-serif;\n font-size: 13px;\n }\n .glossary-tooltip__title {\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--text-primary);\n margin-bottom: 4px;\n }\n .glossary-tooltip__def {\n font-size: 12.5px;\n color: var(--text-secondary);\n line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .glossary-tooltip__tag {\n display: inline-block;\n margin-top: 6px;\n font-size: 9px;\n font-weight: 600;\n padding: 2px 7px;\n border-radius: 20px;\n background: var(--green-light);\n color: var(--green-dark);\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.04em;\n }\n\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"tt-angolo-di-pressione\" class=\"glossary-tooltip\" hidden=\"\">\n <div class=\"glossary-tooltip__title\">Pressure angle<\/div>\n <div class=\"glossary-tooltip__def\">Angle between the direction of the contact force between mating teeth and the tangent to the pitch circle at the point of contact. The standard value is 20\u00b0.<\/div>\n <span class=\"glossary-tooltip__tag\">Glossary<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"tt-grado-di-ricoprimento\" class=\"glossary-tooltip\" hidden=\"\">\n <div class=\"glossary-tooltip__title\">Contact ratio<\/div>\n <div class=\"glossary-tooltip__def\">Average number of tooth pairs simultaneously in mesh. Obtained from the ratio of the length of the contact path to the base pitch. A value greater than 1 ensures continuity of motion.<\/div>\n <span class=\"glossary-tooltip__tag\">Glossary<\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n <div class=\"article-page\">\n <div class=\"article-body\">\n <div class=\"article-body__main\"><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@graph\": [\n {\n \"@type\": \"TechArticle\",\n \"@id\": \"#article\",\n \"headline\": \"Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry\",\n \"description\": \"Pairing a rack correctly with a pinion requires verifying three parameters: module, pressure angle and tooth profile. If all three match, the system works. 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A value greater than 1 ensures continuity of motion.\",\n \"inDefinedTermSet\": \"#glossario\"\n }\n ]\n }\n ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n <h1 class=\"article__title\">Rack-and-pinion pairing: module, material and geometry<\/h1>\n<p class=\"article__subtitle\">Pairing a rack correctly with a pinion requires verifying three parameters: <strong>module<\/strong>, <strong><dfn id=\"def-angolo-di-pressione\"><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-tooltip=\"tt-angolo-di-pressione\" title=\"Angle between the direction of the contact force between mating teeth and the tangent to the pitch circle at the point of contact. The standard value is 20\u00b0.\">pressure angle<\/span><\/dfn><\/strong> and <strong>tooth profile<\/strong>. If all three match, the system works. Here you’ll find the rules to check each one in a few minutes.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"the-rack-as-a-limiting-case-of-the-gear\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><line x1=\"3\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"6\"><\/line><line x1=\"3\" y1=\"12\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"12\"><\/line><line x1=\"3\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"21\" y2=\"18\"><\/line><\/svg><\/span>\n The rack as a limiting case of the gear\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The rack is geometrically a gear with an infinite number of teeth and an infinite pitch radius: its profile is straight, what in engineering is called the <strong>reference rack<\/strong> (the normalized theoretical profile from which all the teeth of spur gears derive).<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">This means that the pairing laws of spur gears apply in full. Module, pressure angle and tooth profile of the pinion must be compatible with those of the rack. The fundamental condition is simple: pinion and rack must have <strong>the same module<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The resulting motion is different from that between two gears: the rotation of the pinion converts into linear translation of the rack (or vice versa). There’s no transmission ratio in the classic sense. The advance per pinion revolution is equal to \u03c0 \u00d7 m \u00d7 z, where m is the module and z the number of teeth.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"compatibility-rules\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"9 11 12 14 22 4\"><\/polyline><path d=\"M21 12v7a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h11\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n Compatibility rules\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">Besides the module, verify that pinion and rack have the same pressure angle. The standard is <strong>20\u00b0<\/strong>. Profiles with different angles, such as 14.5\u00b0 or 25\u00b0 used in some special applications, aren’t interchangeable.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">When you replace a steel rack with a nylon one, also check the tooth profile. The two most common forms are the <strong>normalized full-depth profile<\/strong> (full depth) and the <strong>short profile<\/strong> (stub tooth, a tooth with reduced height). If you have doubts about which the original profile is, measure the pitch, that is, the distance between the centers of two consecutive teeth: it equals \u03c0 \u00d7 m. Compare it with the normalized series to trace back to the module.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"nylon-racks-with-a-steel-core\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polygon points=\"12 2 2 7 12 12 22 7 12 2\"><\/polygon><polyline points=\"2 17 12 22 22 17\"><\/polyline><polyline points=\"2 12 12 17 22 12\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/span>\n Nylon racks with a steel core\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">Racks with a <strong>nylon profile (PA6)<\/strong> and a <strong>steel core<\/strong> offer a good compromise between quietness and structural stiffness.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The nylon profile guarantees noise damping, no forced lubrication and protection of the pinion from abrasive particles. The steel core maintains the rack’s straightness, the bending strength in the plane and simplifies mechanical fixing to the structure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"warnbox\">\n <div class=\"warnbox__title\">\n <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10.29 3.86L1.82 18a2 2 0 0 0 1.71 3h16.94a2 2 0 0 0 1.71-3L13.71 3.86a2 2 0 0 0-3.42 0z\"><\/path><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"13\"><\/line><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"17\" x2=\"12.01\" y2=\"17\"><\/line><\/svg>\n Warning about fixing the nylon profile to the core.\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"warnbox__text\">In case of frequent motion reversal, the tangential forces on the screws or retention systems can be high. Verify that the fixing system is sized for the forces involved before commissioning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"modules-table-pitch-compatibility-and-advance\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/span>\n Modules table: pitch, compatibility and advance\n<\/h2>\n<div class=\"article__table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"article__table\">\n<thead><tr><th>Module<\/th><th>Pitch (mm)<\/th><th>Compatible pinions (z min \u2013 z max)<\/th><th>Advance per pinion rev z20 (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n<tbody><tr><td>$m = 1$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 1 = 3.14$<\/td><td>z = 12 … 50<\/td><td>62.8 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 1.5$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 1.5 = 4.71$<\/td><td>z = 14 … 60<\/td><td>94.2 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 2$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 2 = 6.28$<\/td><td>z = 15 … 80<\/td><td>125.7 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 3$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 3 = 9.42$<\/td><td>z = 16 … 80<\/td><td>188.5 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>$m = 4$<\/td><td>$\\pi \\times 4 = 12.57$<\/td><td>z = 17 … 60<\/td><td>251.3 mm\/rev<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"engagement-length\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/span>\n Engagement length\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">To guarantee continuity of motion, the pinion must have at least 1-2 teeth engaged on the rack in every position.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The <strong><dfn id=\"def-grado-di-ricoprimento\"><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-tooltip=\"tt-grado-di-ricoprimento\" title=\"Average number of tooth pairs simultaneously in mesh. Obtained from the ratio of the length of the contact path to the base pitch. A value greater than 1 ensures continuity of motion.\">contact ratio<\/span><\/dfn><\/strong> (the average number of tooth pairs in contact simultaneously) for a standard rack with a z = 20 pinion is about 1.6 – 1.7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"infobox infobox--grey\">\n <div class=\"infobox__title\">\n <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M14.7 6.3a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.4l1.6 1.6a1 1 0 0 0 1.4 0l3.77-3.77a6 6 0 0 1-7.94 7.94l-6.91 6.91a2.12 2.12 0 0 1-3-3l6.91-6.91a6 6 0 0 1 7.94-7.94l-3.76 3.76z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n Technical note\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"infobox__text\">Below z = 15, the contact ratio drops below 1.5 and the transmission becomes noisier. If your project involves pinions with few teeth, consider a larger module to keep the contact ratio in the safe zone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"article__h2\" id=\"dont-confuse-pitch-with-module\">\n <span class=\"article__h2-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><\/svg><\/span>\n Don’t confuse pitch with module\n<\/h2>\n<p class=\"article__p\">The <strong>pitch<\/strong> p, expressed in millimeters, equals \u03c0 \u00d7 m. Racks are often cataloged by pitch rather than by module. Always convert before ordering.<\/p>\n<div class=\"warnbox\">\n <div class=\"warnbox__title\">\n <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M10.29 3.86L1.82 18a2 2 0 0 0 1.71 3h16.94a2 2 0 0 0 1.71-3L13.71 3.86a2 2 0 0 0-3.42 0z\"><\/path><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"13\"><\/line><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"17\" x2=\"12.01\" y2=\"17\"><\/line><\/svg>\n Frequent error\n <\/div>\n <p class=\"warnbox__text\">A rack with a 6.28 mm pitch corresponds to module 2 (6.28 \/ \u03c0 = 2.0). The confusion between pitch and module is one of the most common causes of wrong orders and incompatibility at assembly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"article__p\">If you’re evaluating a steel-to-nylon replacement or need to configure a pairing outside the standard series, <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.stagnoligears.com\/en\/contacts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"cta-link\">write<\/a> to our technical office: we verify module, profile and operating conditions together.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n<script>\n (function () {\n var hideTimers = {};\n function positionTooltip(trigger, tooltip) {\n var margin = 8;\n tooltip.style.visibility = 'hidden';\n tooltip.style.top = '-9999px';\n tooltip.style.left = '-9999px';\n tooltip.removeAttribute('hidden');\n var ttRect = tooltip.getBoundingClientRect();\n var trRect = trigger.getBoundingClientRect();\n var vw = window.innerWidth, vh = window.innerHeight;\n var top = trRect.bottom + margin;\n var left = trRect.left;\n if 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conversion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"campo-applicazione":[5457],"categoria-ct":[5446],"class_list":["post-25602","centro-tecnico","type-centro-tecnico","status-publish","hentry","campo-applicazione-assembly","categoria-ct-racks-and-matching-pinions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n<title>Rack-and-Pinion Pairing: Module and Geometry | Stagnoli Gears Shop<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to pair racks and pinions correctly by checking module, pressure angle, tooth profile, material compatibility and advance per revolution.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/shop.stagnoligears.com\/en\/technical-hub\/rack-and-pinion-pairing-module-material-and-geometry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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